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Add as preferred source Mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit are a growing concern as climate change expands the area the insects roam. Growing up in Tahiti, Anna-Bella Failloux saw firsthand the threat posed by mosquitoes: Nearly a third of adults on the picturesque island once had swollen limbs from elephantiasis caused by their bites.
She has since dedicated her life to studying mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit—a concern that looms ever larger as climate change expands the area where the insects roam.
"You have to accept being bitten by a mosquito from time to time," the 63-year-old entomologist at France's Pasteur Institute told AFP.
"But we have to avoid too many people getting sick and dying from infections," Failloux said as she observed a mosquito trap being installed in the woods east of the French capital, Paris.
A keen seamstress, Failloux had sewn the trap's netting herself.
Every few days over the summer, these traps will be checked to see if the tiger mosquitoes inside could have spread yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya or Zika.
Once confined to the tropics, these mosquitoes have recently been detected in greater numbers across France and elsewhere, raising fears of outbreaks.
Failloux's lifelong interest in mosquitoes goes back to a childhood spent in Papeete, Tahiti, where her shopkeeper parents arrived at the end of the 19th century.
While it seemed a tropical paradise, the island suffered from shockingly high rates of elephantiasis, which swells limbs to immense proportions. The condition is caused by a parasite called Wuchereria bancrofti.
People become infected when mosquitoes inject "a small worm into their lymph nodes, which blocks circulation," Failloux explained.
At one point, around "30 percent of French Polynesia's population" was affected, she added.
Failloux moved to mainland France to study the Wuchereria bancrofti parasite at university and dedicated herself to studying mosquito-borne diseases.
"Thirty years ago, climate change wasn't a major topic of discussion—neither were mosquitoes," she said.
"Luckily, I persisted, then at some point, I was needed," said Failloux, who now heads the Pasteur Institute's arbovirus and insect vector unit.
While she had wanted to return to work in French Polynesia, life intervened.
"I met a husband in mainland France ... so there you have it," Failloux said.
Rising temperatures caused by human-driven global warming have given mosquitoes—and the many pathogens they spread—"an increasingly vast playing field," she warned.
According to the World Health Organization, 80 percent of the world's population is now at risk of being exposed to one of more infectious diseases that were long considered tropical.
These diseases kill more than a million people a year, most of them children, according to the U.N. agency.
From 2028, Failloux will lead a team of around 15 researchers at a large new research center in which the Pasteur Institute invested 30 million euros ($35 million).
The center aims to develop strategies to control mosquitoes, particularly through their microbiota.
For now, Failloux's training for young entomologists includes courses in anthropology and sociology because she believes fighting mosquitoes also requires engaging the public.
One "long neglected" yet essential measure in the fight against mosquitoes is "cleaning your garden, unclogging your gutters" and eradicating any other stagnant water where mosquitoes could breed, Failloux added.
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Mosquito-borne diseases, once largely tropical, are expanding geographically as climate change increases suitable habitats, placing ~80% of the global population at risk and causing over 1 million deaths annually. Current efforts focus on surveillance of invasive species such as Aedes albopictus, vector control strategies including manipulation of mosquito microbiota, and community-based source reduction of breeding sites.
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